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个人中心奥氏体不锈钢播报讨论上传视频指在常温下具有奥氏体组织的不锈钢展开2个同名词条收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10同义词y12cr18ni9SE（y12cr18ni9SE）一般指奥氏体不锈钢（指在常温下具有奥氏体组织的不锈钢）本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。奥氏体不锈钢，是指在常温下具有奥氏体组织的不锈钢。钢中含Cr约18%、Ni 8%~25%、C约0.1%时，具有稳定的奥氏体组织。奥氏体铬镍不锈钢包括著名的18Cr-8Ni钢和在此基础上增加Cr、Ni含量并加入Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti等元素发展起来的高Cr-Ni系列钢。奥氏体不锈钢无磁性而且具有高韧性和塑性，但强度较低，不可能通过相变使之强化，仅能通过冷加工进行强化，如加入S、Ca、Se、Te等元素，则具有良好的易切削性。中文名奥氏体不锈钢
外文名austenite
主要成分Cr，Ni，C，Mo，Cu，Si，Nb，Ti
性    质无磁，高韧性，高可塑性，强度低
定    义在常温下具有奥氏体组织的不锈钢
学    科冶金工程

目录
1特性2种类▪物理分类▪化学分类3成分组成4结构组织5机械性能6生产工艺7发展方向8形成元素9应用
特性
播报编辑此类钢除耐氧化性酸介质腐蚀外，如果含有Mo、Cu等元素还能耐硫酸、磷酸以及甲酸、醋酸、尿素等的腐蚀。此类钢中的含碳量若低于0.03%或含Ti、Ni，就可显著提高其耐晶间腐蚀性能。高硅的奥氏体不锈钢对浓硝酸具有良好的耐蚀性。由于奥氏体不锈钢具有全面的和良好的综合性能，在各行各业中获得了广泛的应用。 [1]
种类
播报编辑物理分类奥氏体不锈钢显微组织不锈钢通俗地说，不锈钢就是不容易生锈的钢，实际上一部分不锈钢，既有不锈性，又有耐酸性（耐蚀性）。不锈钢的不锈性和耐蚀性是由于其表面上富铬氧化膜（钝化膜）的形成。这种不锈性和耐蚀性是相对的。试验表明，钢在大气、水等弱介质中和硝酸等氧化性介质中，其耐蚀性随钢中铬含量的增加而提高，当铬含量达到一定的百分比时，钢的耐蚀性发生突变，即从易生锈到不易生锈，从不耐蚀到耐腐蚀。不锈钢的分类方法很多。按室温下的组织结构分类，有马氏体型、奥氏体型、铁素体和双相不锈钢；按主要化学成分分类，基本上可分为铬不锈钢和铬镍不锈钢两大系统；按用途分则有耐硝酸不锈钢、耐硫酸不锈钢、耐海水不锈钢等等，按耐蚀类型分可分为耐点蚀不锈钢、耐应力腐蚀不锈钢、耐晶间腐蚀不锈钢等；按功能特点分类又可分为无磁不锈钢、易切削不锈钢、低温不锈钢、高强度不锈钢等等。由于不锈钢材具有优异的耐蚀性、成型性、相容性以及在很宽温度范围内的强韧性等系列特点，所以在重工业、轻工业、生活用品行业以及建筑装饰等行业中获取得广泛的应用。 [1]化学分类铁素体不锈钢在使用状态下以铁素体组织为主的不锈钢。含铬量在11%~30%，具有体心立方晶体结构。这类钢一般不含镍，有时还含有少量的Mo、Ti、Nb等到元素，这类钢具导热系数大，膨胀系数小、抗氧化性好、抗应力腐蚀优良等特点，多用于制造耐大气、水蒸气、水及氧化性酸腐蚀的零部件。这类钢存在塑性差、焊后塑性和耐蚀性明显降低等缺点，因而限制了它的应用。炉外精炼技术（AOD或VOD）的应用可使碳、氮等间隙元素大大降低，因此使这类钢获得广泛应用。奥氏体--铁素体双相不锈钢是奥氏体和铁素体组织各约占一半的不锈钢。在含C较低的情况下，Cr含量在18%~28%，Ni含量在3%~10%。有些钢还含有Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti，N等合金元素。该类钢兼有奥氏体和铁素体不锈钢的特点，与铁素体相比，塑性、韧性更高，无室温脆性，耐晶间腐蚀性能和焊接性能均显著提高，同时还保持有铁素体不锈钢的475℃脆性以及导热系数高，具有超塑性等特点。与奥氏体不锈钢相比，强度高且耐晶间腐蚀和耐氯化物应力腐蚀有明显提高。双相不锈钢具有优良的耐孔蚀性能，也是一种节镍不锈钢。马氏体不锈钢通过热处理可以调整其力学性能的不锈钢，通俗地说，是一类可硬化的不锈钢。典型牌号为Cr13型，如2Cr13、3Cr13、4Cr13等。淬火后硬度较高，不同回火温度具有不同强韧性组合，主要用于蒸汽轮机叶片、餐具、外科手术器械。根据化学成分的差异，马氏体不锈钢可分为马氏体铬钢和马氏体铬镍钢两类。根据组织和强化机理的不同，还可分为马氏体不锈钢、马氏体和半奥氏体（或半马氏体）沉淀硬化不锈钢以及马氏体时效不锈钢等。对于产品的检验，知道产品的来源和组织性能是无损检测最好的手段，也是NDT从业者的创新。 [1]
成分组成
播报编辑在18-8型不锈钢的成分基础上演变，主要有以下几方面的重要发展：1）加Mo改善点蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀；2）降C或加Ti、Nb，减少晶间腐蚀倾向；3）加Ni和Cr改善高温抗氧化性和强度；4）加Ni改善抗应力腐蚀性能；5）加S、Se改善切削性和构件表面精度。 [1]
结构组织
播报编辑铁素体相的形成：对奥氏体不锈钢性能的影响。F相的出现一般都对奥氏体不锈钢的性能带来不利的影响：如使热加工产生裂纹的倾向性增大；钢的耐点蚀性下降，在诸多腐蚀环境（如尿素生产）中耐蚀性劣化；在高温下加长时间加热时，F相会转变为σ相使钢变脆等等。含量的粗略判定Creq=%Cr+1.5×%Si+%Mo，Nieq=%Ni+30×(%C+%N)+0.5×%Mn铁素体相的消除根本的办法是提高钢中奥氏体形成元素的含量。Ni是首选的元素，但是从经济的角度出发，Mn和N也受到人们的重视。特别是N，其抑制铁素体形成的能力为Ni的30倍，同时又有改善耐蚀性和提高强度的作用。 [1]
机械性能
播报编辑20℃温度下高合金奥氏体不锈钢的机械性能如下：合金ASTMEN钢种牌号氮含量屈服强度抗拉强度延伸率GB%Rp0.2MPaRmMPaAs%316L316L1.44040.0622052045904LNO89041.453900Cr20Ni25Mo4.5Cu0.0622052035317LMN317LMN1.44390.1527058040254SMOS312541.454700Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN0.2030065040654SMOS326541.46520.5043075040高温下高合金奥氏体不锈钢的强度（Rp0.2MPa）如下：合金ASTMENGB氮含量%100℃200℃400℃316L316L1.44040.06166137108904LN089041.453900Cr20Ni25Mo4.5Cu0.06225175125317LMN317LMN1.44390.15225185150254SMOS312541.454700Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN0.20230190160654SMOS326541.46520.50350315295
生产工艺
播报编辑奥氏体不锈钢生产工艺性能良好，特别是铬镍奥氏体不锈钢，采用生产特殊钢的常规手段可以顺利地生产出各种常用规格的板、管、带、丝、棒材以及锻件和铸件。由于合金元素（特别是铬）含量高而碳含量又低，多采用电弧炉加氩氧脱碳（AOD）或真空脱氧脱碳（VOD）法大批量生产这类不锈钢材，对于高级牌号的小批量产品可采用真空或非真空非感应炉冶炼，必要时加电渣重熔。铬镍奥氏体不锈钢优良的热塑性使其易于施以锻造、轧制、热穿孔和挤压等热加工，钢锭加热温度为1150～1260℃，变形温度范围一般为900～1150℃，含铜、氮以及用钛、铌稳定化的钢种偏靠低温，而高铬、钼钢种偏靠高温。由于导热差，保温时间应较长。热加工后工件空冷即可。铬锰奥氏体不锈钢热裂纹敏感性较强，钢锭开坯时要小变形、多道次，锻件宜堆冷。可以进行冷轧、冷拔和旋压等冷加工工艺和冲压、弯曲、卷边与折叠等成形操作。铬镍奥氏体不锈钢加工硬化倾向较铬锰钢弱，一次退火后冷变形量可以达到70%～90%，但铬锰奥氏体不锈钢由于变形抗力大，加工硬化倾向强，应增加中间软化退火次数。一般中间软化退火处理为1050～1100℃水冷。奥氏体不锈钢也可生产铸件。为了提高钢液的流动性，改善铸造性能，铸造钢种合金成分应有所调整：提高硅含量，放宽铬、镍含量的区间，并提高杂质元素硫的含量上限。奥氏体不锈钢使用前应进行固溶处理，以便最大限度地将钢中的碳化物等各种析出相固溶到奥氏体基体中，同时也使组织均匀化及消除应力，从而保证优良的耐蚀性和力学性能。正确的固溶处理制度为1050～1150℃加热后水冷（细薄件也可空冷）。固溶处理温度视钢的合金化程度而定：无钼或低钼钢种应较低（≤1100℃），而更高合金化的牌号如00Cr20Ni18Mo-6CuN、00Cr25Ni22Mo2N等宜较高（1080～1150℃）。生产中广泛采用先进技术，如炉外精炼率达到95%以上，连铸比超过80%，高速轧机和精、快锻机等普遍推广。特别是在冶炼和加工过程中实现电子计算机控制，保证了产品质量和性能的可靠和稳定。 [2]
发展方向
播报编辑（1）钢种极低碳化（碳≤0.02%）和高纯化（作为杂质元素硫、磷、硅、锰等含量极低）。（2）特殊用途钢种开发。如热海水用高钼钢、高耐蚀高强度的高氮钢（氮含量达到0.4%～0.6%甚至0.8%～1.0%），不锈钢功能材料（记忆材料、储氢材料等）等。（3）新工艺开发。不锈钢复合材料、非晶不锈钢等。 [3]
形成元素
播报编辑不锈钢管是加有质量分数从12%到高于50%合金元素的铁基合金。合金元素影响奥氏体、铁素体和马氏体相的稳定性，从而影响与稳定性有关的各相之间的平衡关系。加入不锈钢中的元素可以分为形成稳定铁素体元素以及形成稳定奥氏体元素。马氏体是一种相变产物，由奥氏体从高温冷却到低温时形成，如果在高温时没有形成奥氏体，那么在低温下也就不会获得马氏体相。奥氏体不锈钢管含有高的镍含量及其他奥氏体形成元素，这些元素促使奥氏体相的形成，使其在室温甚至更低温度下仍然稳定。铁素体不锈钢无缝管则含有减弱奥氏体形成的元素例如高的铬含量，使铁素体成为主导的相组分。马氏体不锈钢管在高温时是奥氏体组织，然而这种奥氏体是不稳定的，在冷却时发生转变。借助于奥氏体形成元素和铁素体形成元素之间的平衡可以控制不锈钢管的微观组织。两种元素间平衡的调整对不锈钢管的力学性能，耐腐蚀性和焊接性有重要作用。铝、钛、铜和钼加入不锈钢无缝管中可以促进析出反应而使钢强化。含有Cu、AI 和Mo的析出硬化（PH）马氏体不锈钢无缝管经热处理后可以得到超过1375MPa（200k8i）的室温屈服强度。奥氏体不锈钢无缝管经常含有钛和铝而形成镍钛和镍铝析出相，其作用和镍基超合金中的析出强化相相似。铝在固溶体中是铁素体形成元素，而铜则是弱奥氏体形成元素。成分接近纯铜的析出相可以用来强化马氏体钢如174PH钢。铁素体形成元素有：铬、钼、硅、铌、钛、铝、钒、钨。奥氏体形成元素有：镍、锰、碳、氮、铜、钴。 [3]
应用
播报编辑奥氏体304不锈钢钢板，据称这种材料可以带来极强的防锈、耐腐蚀性能，又有极佳的可塑性和韧性，方便冲压成型。密度为7.93g/cm³，304不锈钢是一种很常见的不锈钢，业内也叫做18/8不锈钢。它的金属制品耐高温，加工性能好，因此广泛使用于工业和家具装饰行业和食品医疗行业。 [2]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2025 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备11000002000001号window.PAGE_DATA= 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