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个人中心收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10合金结构钢播报讨论上传视频热处理性能优良的钢材展开3个同名词条同义词40CrNi2Mo（在优质碳素结构钢的基础上，适当地加入一种或数种合金元素而制成的钢种）一般指合金结构钢（热处理性能优良的钢材）本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。合金结构钢（structural alloy steel）是指用作机械零件和各种工程构件并含有一种或数种一定量的合金元素的钢。中文名合金结构钢
外文名Alloy structure steels
学    科材料工程
领    域工程技术

目录
1简介2合金元素作用3分类4生产工艺5中国标准6相关概念▪结构钢▪合金钢7其他信息
简介
播报编辑合金结构钢由于具有合适的淬透性，经适宜的金属热处理后，显微组织为均匀的索氏体、贝氏体或极细的珠光体，因而具有较高的抗拉强度和屈强比（一般在0.85左右），较高的韧性和疲劳强度，和较低的韧性－脆性转变温度，可用于制造截面尺寸较大的机器零件 [1]。
合金元素作用
播报编辑有三个方面：①增大钢的淬透性。淬透性是指钢淬火时，从表层起淬成马氏体层的深度，是取得良好综合性能的主要参数。除Co外，几乎所有合金元素如 Mn、Mo、Cr、Ni、Si和C、N、B等都能提高钢的淬透性，其中 Mn、Mo、Cr、B的作用最强，其次是Ni、Si、Cu。而强碳化物形成元素如 V、Ti、Nb等，只有溶于奥氏体中时才能增大钢的淬透性。②影响钢的回火过程。由于合金元素在回火时能阻碍钢中各种原子的扩散，因而在同样温度下和碳素钢相比，一般均起到延迟马氏体的分解和碳化物的聚集长大作用，从而提高钢的回火稳定性,即提高钢的抗回火软化能力,V、W、Ti、Cr、Mo、Si的作用比较显著，Al、Mn、Ni的作用不明显。含有较高含量的碳化物形成元素如V、W、Mo等的钢，在500～600℃回火时，析出细小弥散的特殊碳化物质点如V4C3、Mo2C、W2C等，代替部分较粗大的合金渗碳体，使钢的强度不再下降反而升高,即出现二次硬化。Mo对钢的回火脆性有阻止或减弱的作用。③影响钢的强化和韧化。Ni以固溶强化方式强化铁素体；Mo、V、Nb等碳化物形成元素,既以弥散硬化方式又以固溶强化方式提高钢的屈服强度；碳的强化作用最显著。此外，加入这些合金元素，一般都细化奥氏体晶粒，增加晶界的强化作用。影响钢的韧性因素比较复杂，Ni改善钢的韧性；Mn易使奥氏体晶粒粗化，对回火脆性敏感；降低P、S含量，提高钢的纯净度，对改善钢的韧性有重要作用 [2]。
分类
播报编辑合金结构钢一般分为调质结构钢和表面硬化结构钢。①调质结构钢 这类钢的含碳量一般约为0.25%～0.55%，对于既定截面尺寸的结构件，在调质处理（淬火加回火）时，如果沿截面淬透，则力学性能良好，如果淬不透，显微组织中出现有自由铁素体，则韧性下降。对具有回火脆性倾向的钢如锰钢、铬钢、镍铬钢等，回火后应快冷。这类钢的淬火临界直径，随晶粒度和合金元素含量的增加而增大，例如，40Cr和35SiMn钢约为30～40mm，而40CrNiMo和30CrNi2MoV钢则约为 60～100mm，常用于制造承受较大载荷的轴、连杆等结构件。②表面硬化结构钢 用以制造表层坚硬耐磨而心部柔韧的零部件,如齿轮、轴等。为使零件心部韧性高,钢中含碳量应低，一般在0.12～0.25%，同时还有适量的合金元素，以保证适宜的淬透性。氮化钢还需加入易形成氮化物的合金元素（如Al、Cr、Mo等）。渗碳或碳氮共渗钢，经850～950℃渗碳或碳氮共渗后，淬火并在低温回火(约200℃)状态下使用。氮化钢经氮化处理(480～580℃)，直接使用，不再经淬火与回火处理。
生产工艺
播报编辑根据钢种和钢的质量要求，合金结构钢的冶炼，可采用氧气顶吹转炉、平炉、电弧炉；或再加电渣重熔、真空除气。铸锭可采用连铸或模铸。钢锭应缓慢冷却或热送锻造、轧制。钢锭加热时，应力求温度均匀并有足够的保温时间，以改善偏析缺陷和避免锻、轧时变形不均匀；锻、轧后的钢材，尺寸小的、特别是含碳0.2%左右的渗碳钢，在600℃以上时应快速冷却,以免加重带状组织；截面较大的锻件，应采取措施消除内应力和白点。调质钢应尽可能淬火成马氏体组织，然后回火成索氏体组织；渗碳钢在渗碳过程中，渗层浓度梯度不宜过大,以免在渗层晶界上出现连续网状碳化物;氮化钢必需先经热处理得到所需的性能，再经最后精加工才能进行氮化。氮化处理后除将脆薄的“白层”研磨除去外，不再加工 [1]。
中国标准
播报编辑标准号 StandardNo：GB/T 3077-1999首次发布日期FirstIssuance Date ：1982-05-10标准状态StandardState ：现行复审确认日期ReviewAffirmance Date :2010-07-28计划编号Plan No：代替国标号ReplacedStandard ：GB/T 3077-1988被代替国标号ReplacedStandard:废止时间RevocatoryDate :采用国际标准号AdoptedInternational Standard No：采标名称AdoptedInternational Standard Name：DIN EN 10083-1:1991采用程度ApplicationDegree ： NEQ采用国际标准AdoptedInternational Standard ：其他国际标准分类号(ICS) ：75.140.20中国标准分类号(CCS) ：H40标准类别StandardSort：基础标准页码Number ofPages:标准价格(元)Price(￥) :主管部门Governor ：中国钢铁工业协会归口单位TechnicalCommittees ：全国钢标准化技术委员会起草单位DraftingCommittee：大冶特殊钢股份有限公司
相关概念
播报编辑结构钢结构钢是指符合特定强度和可成形性等级的钢。可成形性以抗拉试验中断后伸长率表示。结构钢一般用于承载等用途，在这些用途中钢的强度是一个重要设计标准。结构钢可以细分为：合金结构钢、碳素结构钢、低合金结构钢、耐热结构钢等等。合金钢合金钢 alloy steel 钢里除铁、碳外，加入其他的合金元素，就叫合金钢。 在普通碳素钢基础上添加适量的一种或多种合金元素而构成的铁碳合金。根据添加元素的不同，并采取适当的加工工艺，可获得高强度、高韧性、耐磨、耐腐蚀、耐低温、耐高温、无磁性等特殊性能 [3]。
其他信息
播报编辑可分为普通合金结构钢和特殊用途合金结构钢。前者包括低合金高强度钢、低温用钢、超高强度钢、渗碳钢、调质钢和非调质钢；后者包括弹簧钢、滚珠轴承钢、易切削钢、冷冲压钢等。要求具有较高的屈服强度、抗拉强度和疲劳强度，还有足够的塑性和韧性。一般采用电弧炉和氧气顶吹转炉冶炼，要求高的采用炉外精炼、电渣重熔或真空处理、真空感应炉冶炼或双真空冶炼、合适的热处理。这类钢的合金元素含量都相当高，主要有耐蚀钢、耐热钢、耐磨钢、磁钢以及具有其他特殊物理和化学性能的特殊钢。合金结构钢广泛用于船舶、车辆、飞机、导弹、兵器、铁路、桥梁、压力容器、机床等结构上。合金结构钢比碳素钢有更好的力学性能，特别是热处理性能优良。其牌号通常是以“数字+元素符号+数字”的方法来表示。牌号中起首的两位数字表示钢的平均含碳量的万分数，元素符号及其后的数字表示所含合金元素及其平均含量的百分数。若合金元素含量小于1.5%，则不标其含量。高级优质钢在牌号尾部增加符号“A”例如，16Mn、20Cr、40Mn2、30CrMnSi、38CrMoAlA等 [2]。合金结构钢细分类与统一数字代号：统一数字代号合金结构钢(包括合金弹簧钢)细分类AO××××Mn(X)、MnMo(X)系钢Al××××SiMn(X)、SiMnMo(X)系钢A2××××Cr(X)、CrSi(X)、CrMn(X)、CrV(x)、CrMnSi(X)系钢A3××××CrMo(X)、CrMoV(X)系钢A4××××CrNi(X)系钢A5××××CrNiMo(X)、CrNiW(X)系钢A6××××Ni(X)、NiMo(X)、NiCoMo(X)、Mo(X)、MoWV(X)系钢A7××××B(X)、MnB(X)、SiMnB(X)系钢A8××××(暂空)A9××××其他合金结构钢新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2025 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备11000002000001号window.PAGE_DATA= 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