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个人中心B-2轰炸机播报讨论上传视频低可侦测性飞翼式轰炸机收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10同义词B-2（B-2）一般指B-2轰炸机B-2隐形战略轰炸机（英语：Northrop Grumman B-2 Stealth and Strategic Bomber；绰号“幽灵”，英语：Spirit； [2]通称：诺思罗普·格鲁曼B-2隐形战略轰炸机）是由诺思罗普·格鲁曼和波音公司联合麻省理工学院为美国空军研制的执行战略核/常规打击任务的低可侦测性飞翼式轰炸机，是世界上唯一一种隐身战略轰炸机， [2]也是最先进和最昂贵的战略轰炸机。 [1]B-2战略轰炸机属于美军第三代战略轰炸机，1997年4月服役， [1]第一次投入实战是在塞尔维亚的科索沃战争。 [7]该机集大载荷、长航时、超远程和隐身性于一身，能在任何天气条件下“全球到达”“全球投弹”“全球摧毁”。 [1]美空军当前使用的作战型号为B-2A，乘员2名，最大载弹量22.7吨，最大时速764千米，实用升限1.52万米，最大航程1110万米，空中加油后可达1852万米，滞空时长不少于10小时。 [1]安装4台GE F118-110非加力涡扇发动机，每台额定静推力8,618千克。 [4]最主要特点是低可侦测性，俗称“隐身能力”，外形采用飞翼式布局隐身设计，加上隐身涂料， [1]雷达反射截面只有不到0.1平方米， [8]仅相当于一只飞鸟，普通雷达难寻其踪迹。 [3]是美国唯一能够穿透先进防空系统的远程核能力战机，可携带B61-7/11和B83-1等核炸弹。 [5]总共生产21架， [1]每架造价超过24亿美元。 [1]2008年，“堪萨斯精神”号B-2轰炸机飞控系统发出错误指令， [3]在关岛安德森空军基地坠毁。 [1]如今，B-2轰炸机早已停产，数量仅有18架。 [3]中文名B-2“幽灵” 战略轰炸机
外文名B-2 Spirit
前型/级B-2 [3]
次型/级B-2A [1]
研制单位诺思罗普·格鲁曼公司
服役时间1997年4月 [1]
国    家美国 [1]
首飞时间1989年7月17日
气动布局飞翼 [10]
发动机数量双发 [10]
乘    员2人 [10]
发动机四台通用电气F118-GE-110发动机 [10]
翼    展52.43米 [10]
空    重56,699千克 [10]
最大起飞重量168,422千克 [10]
最大航程1110万米 [1]
最大时速764千米 [1]
实用升限1.52万米 [1]

目录
1基本概况2发展沿革▪研制背景▪计划确定▪计划颁布▪设计确定▪正式服役▪建造数量3技术特点▪机型结构▪气动设计▪隐身性能▪动力系统▪航电系统▪武装筹载▪性能数据4军事打击▪科索沃战争▪阿富汗战争▪利比亚冲突▪红海及中东5服役动态6维修难度▪故障原因▪维修成本▪难修原因7后续改进8总体评价9争议事件
基本概况
播报编辑B-2轰炸机(13张)诺斯罗普·格鲁门B-2隐形战略轰炸机（英语：Northrop Grumman B-2 Stealth and Strategic Bomber）绰号“幽灵”（英语：Spirit）是由由诺斯洛普和波音公司联合麻省理工学院为美国空军研制的执行战略核/常规打击任务的低可侦测性飞翼式轰炸机。 [2]美国总共生产B-2战略轰炸机21架， [1]一架B-2隐身轰炸机造价达24亿美元，若以重量计，它的重量单位价格比黄金还要贵两到三倍。 [8]B-2隐形战略轰炸机是美国唯一能够穿透先进防空系统的远程核能力战机，可携带B61-7/11和B83-1等核炸弹。 [5]B-2轰炸机是当今世界唯一的现役隐形战略轰炸机，它综合使用了多种隐形技术和设计，为对抗雷达侦测，采用了独特的隐身造型和吸波材料设计，可同时降低红外线、可见光与噪音等不同讯号，使被侦测与锁定的可能性降到最低。据报道，B-52轰炸机的雷达反射截面为1000平方米，米格-29为25平方米，B-1B为不足1平方米，而B-2A只有不到0.1平方米，仅仅相当于天空中的一只飞鸟的雷达反射截面，这就使一般雷达很难发现它。 [12]B-2A轰炸机机身长21.03米，高5.18米，翼展为52.43米，最大载弹量22680千克，机身装有4台美国通用动力公司出产的F118-GE-100型涡扇发动机。飞机在空中不加油的情况下，作战航程可达1.2万千米，空中加油一次则可达1.8万千米。每次执行任务的空中飞行时间一般不少于10小时，美国空军称其具有“全球到达”和“全球摧毁”能力。 [12]B-2A上配有先进的NSS导航系统，为其提供先进的自动导航和传统的星座对位导航。机上目标瞄准系统采用的是全球定位（GPS）辅助瞄准系统，显示模式可放大四倍，方便观察瞄准，炸弹击中目标的误差通常小于6米。在B-2自身的瞄准系统辅助下，其携带的联合直接攻击弹药（JDAM）投弹误差在2-3米之内，精度相当之高。在科索沃战争中，B-2轰炸机投放的3枚JDAM准确命中中国使馆，造成三名驻南工作人员的不幸牺牲。 [12]
发展沿革
播报编辑研制背景1975年问世的米格-31(2张)上世纪70年代，正值冷战打得如火如荼的阶段，苏联大力发展各种中远程防空导弹和高空高速国土防空拦截机，例如S-200（北约代号：萨姆-5）中高空超远程地对空导弹、S-300（北约代号：萨姆-10）全空域防空导弹系统，以及米格-25、米格-31等高空超音速拦截战斗机等，各种空中来袭目标都成为这些尖端防空系统的“囊中之物”。 [12]为隐秘突破苏联防空网，寻找并摧毁其洲际弹道核导弹发射基地和其它重要战略目标，美国空军提出制造一种新的战略轰炸机，强调突防能力，要求能够避开对空雷达探测，潜入敌方纵深，以80%的成功率完成任务。为此，空军拟制出了“军刀穿透者”计划，把隐身技术的应用列入了具体议事日程。 [12]计划确定F-117战斗攻击机(1张)建造B-2隐身轰炸机的构想始于1975年。 [8]当时，美国国防部首次提出将隐身技术运用到飞机上。两年后，美国空军为隐身轰炸机设定了具体目标：能避开严密的对空雷达探测网，潜入敌纵深，以80%的成功率完成任务。1974年，随着F-117隐形战斗机的投产，美国国防部和国会要人也开始接受了“隐身轰炸机”这一概念，并于1979正式批准了空军提出的研制这种飞机的申请报告。次年，美国空军就研制“先进战略突防飞机”（ASPA）进行了公开招标，诺斯罗普公司提出的方案得到了首肯。随后，美国空军把该机的研制项目正式定名为“先进技术轰炸机”（ATB），这就是B-2隐形战略轰炸机的最初名称。 [12]计划颁布计划设计基础——YB-49(2张)1980年9月美国空军颁布了ATB的方案征询书（RFP），由于该项目在成本和技术方面存在着严峻的挑战，所以空军鼓励航空航天企业间进行合作。于是出现了两大竞争阵营——洛克希德和罗克韦尔团队，诺斯罗普、波音和凌-特姆科-沃特（LTV）团队。1981年1月20日里根总统当选后情况发生了变化。里根政府加大了国防投入，足以支持包括新型战略轰炸机在内的几个军事研究项目。1981年10月2日里根总统宣布开始战略现代化项目（SMP），购买100架B-1B。而ATB也作为SMP的一部分展开秘密研制，当时预计总需求量多至132架。只有少数内部人士才知道当时美国空军正在同时进行两种战略轰炸机的研制。 [5-6]设计确定高级钉方案诺斯罗普的方案代号是“高级钻石”（SeniorIce，密语无特定含义），洛克希德的方案代号“高级钉”（Senior Peg）。“高级钻石”由诺斯罗普先进计划高级副总裁维尔科·E·加西奇主持，计划指导是哈尔·马尔卡良。洛克希德/罗克韦尔的“高级钉”方案的资料披露不多，但鉴于当时洛克希德在隐身技术上的成就以及罗克韦尔在B-1项目上的经验，人们普遍认为该队会赢得竞争。但1981年10月20日美国空军宣布诺斯罗普成为ATB合同的赢家，飞机编号B-2，并签订了6架试飞用机和两架静态测试机的初始合同，外加127架生产型轰炸机的意向订货，计划在1987年达成初始作战能力（IOC）。 [7-8]在三家公司的分工中，诺斯罗普负责制造前中央机身和座舱，飞机前后缘以及控制翼面，另外还负责最后的总装和计划的整体协调。波音负责制造后中央机身和弹舱，以及外翼段和起落架。LTV负责制造包括发动机舱在内的机翼中段和尾喷口（LTV后被诺斯罗普·格鲁曼并购）。总装在加州帕姆代尔美国空军42号工厂4号场地进行。 [9-10]正式服役1989年B2首飞1997年4月2日，首批6架B-2A隐形轰炸机正式在美国空军服役，另外15架也将按计划陆续交付部队使用。从1997年首批6架B-2A服役到生产线最终关闭，美国只生产了21架B-2A（最初计划生产132架），单机造价高达24亿美元，相当于30架B-52H战略轰炸机的造价。美军之所以只生产了21架B-2 A轰炸机，造价昂贵是个中的一重要原因。 [12]建造数量建造数量呼号机尾号命名现状AV-182-1066美利坚幽灵号服役中AV-282-1067亚利桑那幽灵号服役中AV-382-1068纽约幽灵号服役中AV-482-1069印第安那幽灵号服役中AV-582-1070俄亥俄幽灵号服役中AV-682-1071密西西比幽灵号服役中AV-788-0328德克萨斯幽灵号服役中AV-888-0329密苏里幽灵号服役中AV-988-0330加利福尼亚幽灵号服役中AV-1088-0331南卡幽灵号服役中AV-1188-0332华盛顿幽灵号2010年2月发动机舱失火，机体严重受损，修复中。AV-1289-0127堪萨斯幽灵号2008年2月23日失事坠毁AV-1389-0128内布拉斯加幽灵号服役中AV-1489-0129乔治亚幽灵号服役中AV-1590-0040阿拉斯加幽灵号服役中AV-1690-0041夏威夷幽灵号服役中AV-1792-0700佛罗里达幽灵号服役中AV-1893-1085奥克拉荷马幽灵号服役中AV-1993-1086小鹰幽灵号服役中AV-2093-1087宾夕法尼亚幽灵号服役中AV-2193-1088路易斯安纳幽灵号服役中AV-22至AV-165取消 [11]
技术特点
播报编辑机型结构最终确定的诺思罗普的设计是一个纯粹的飞翼，没有垂尾或方向舵，从正上方看B-2就像一个大尺寸的飞去来器。B-2的平面图轮廓由12根互相平行的直线组成，机翼前缘与机翼后缘和另一侧的翼尖平行。飞机的中间部位隆起以容纳座舱、弹舱和电子设备。中央机身两侧的隆起是发动机舱，锯齿状进气口布置在飞翼背部，每个发动机舱内安装两台无加力涡扇发动机。翼尖并不是平行于气流方向，而是进行了切尖以平行于另侧机翼前缘，除了翼尖外，整个外翼段没有锥度，都为等弦长机翼。机身尾部后缘为W形锯齿状，边缘也与两侧机翼前缘平行。由于飞翼的机翼前缘在机身之前，为了使气动中心靠近重心，也需要将机翼后掠。 [12]起飞时的B-2(2张)B-2中央机身的深度需要足以容纳座舱和弹舱，但长度却要尽量缩短以避免在高亚音速时产生过多的阻力。中央机身外侧机翼的弦长由发动机舱以及隐身进气口和尾喷口来决定。B-2在高亚音速飞行时，厚厚的超临界翼型将机翼上表面的气流速度加速至超音速。除了尾喷口后的区域外，B-2整个飞翼后缘布置有9块大型的操纵翼面。最后方的“海狸尾”是一整块可动控制面，用于在低空飞行时抵消因垂直阵风引起的颠簸。最外侧是一对被称为“减速板-方向舵”的开裂式翼面。剩下6副翼面是用于俯仰和滚转操纵的舵面，最外侧一对在低速时也兼做副翼。 [13]气动设计近距离展示的B-2(3张)B-2没有垂尾，与传统飞机不同。该机呈偏航中性，也就是说当B-2向左或向右转弯时，不会产生回中的气动力。B-2由机翼外段后缘的诺思罗普专利减速板-方向舵负责偏航控制，减速板-方向舵可向上下两侧开裂，同时开裂作为减速板，不对称开裂时作为方向舵使用。由于飞翼表面的附面层的存在，减速板-方向舵至少要开裂5度以上才能起到作用。所以在正常飞行中，两侧的减速板-方向舵都处于5度的张开位置，当需要进行控制时就立即可以起作用，这也是看到B-2飞行照片中减速板-方向舵都是张开的原因。但是张开的减速板-方向舵会影响飞机的隐身效果，所以B-2在抵达战区时，减速板-方向舵会完全闭合。 [14]隐身性能机库中的B2首先，隐身性能来自它的外形。B-2隐身轰炸机外形光滑圆顺，不易反射雷达波，驾驶舱呈圆弧状，照射到这里的雷达波会绕舱体外“爬行”，而不会被反射回去。密封式玻璃舱罩呈一个斜面，且所有玻璃在制造时掺有金属粉末，使雷达波无法穿透舱体，也就无法造成反射。 [8]其次，隐身性能来自它所使用的材料。整个机身，除主梁和发动机机舱使用的是钛复合材料外，B-2其他部分均由碳纤维和石墨等复合材料构成，不易反射雷达波。并且这些不同的复合材料部件不是靠铆钉拼合，而是经高压压铸而成。尤其令人称道的是，整个机体都喷涂了特制的吸波油漆，从而在很大程度上降低了敌方探测雷达的回波。 [8]飞行中的B-2(5张)B-2A的大部分表面都被一层特殊的弹性材料覆盖，使表面保持均匀的电导率以减少来自接头或接缝处的雷达波反射。而在设计中不能依靠外形进行隐身的部位（如进气口）就要涂上雷达吸波材料（RAM）了，其组成成分是高度机密。RAM是可多层喷涂的涂料，内含可将雷达波能量转换成热能的成分。全机涂上厚度适当的涂层后，特定波长的雷达波在照射到涂层后，涂层两面反射的雷达波会发生干涉，从而相互抵消。类似的概念就是光学镜头的镀膜，可以消除不必要的光线。 [15]动力系统B-2尾喷口B-2A中央机身两侧的发动机舱内安装了4台GE F118-110非加力涡扇发动机，每台额定静推力8,618千克。F118是在F101-X的基础上研制，后者是B-1轰炸机F101发动机的战斗机型号。与F101相比，F101-X有较小的低压外涵机匣，将旁通比从2：1降到0.87：1。 [16]低旁通比的发动机只需较小的进气和排气系统，所以被B-2选中。发动机进气口远离机翼前缘，以避免被来自下方的雷达波照射到。航电系统B-2轰炸机的飞控系统由4台独立计算机控制，还采用了比电缆操纵更加快捷的光导纤维。 [3]B-2A座舱布局(2张)B-2A的乘员编制两名，并列坐在ACEII弹射座椅上，飞行员在左侧，任务指挥官在右侧。座舱前方和两侧有4片大型风挡玻璃，乘员通过机腹舱门进出座舱，在紧急情况时，弹射座椅通过座舱顶部的易碎舱门弹射。任务指挥官负责导航和武器投放，但两名乘员都可以单独完成整个任务。每个乘员面前都有4个彩色CRT显示器，右侧有一个数据输入面板，左侧是一组油门。座舱后方还有第三名乘员的位置，但很少使用。该座位也有弹射座椅，顶部有易碎舱盖。B-2A的导航系统最初由两套统组成，每套都可以单独导航，但一起工作时精度会更高。一个是惯性测量单元，另一个是诺思罗普NAS-26天文惯性单元。NAS-26原本是为鬼魅远程巡航导弹研制的，是一个带稳定基座的光电望远镜系统，可在阴天锁定预先选定的星星。该系统的观察窗口就在风挡左侧。 [18]B-2A机载雷达为AN/APQ-181相控阵雷达，休斯公司制造。这种相控阵有2个雷达天线阵列，特点是不需外加旋转或摇摆式天线，只通过信号阵位的改变和组合，可对不同角度和不同方位进行扫瞄。它的工作频率在12-18GHZ，旁波瓣小，抗电子干扰能力强。 [17]工作模式共有21种，最突出的是合成孔径雷达工作模式和反合成孔径雷达模式。前者主要用于扫瞄陆地地貌，可清晰地获取161千米距离内地表的扫瞄图像，供飞机对地面目标轰炸时使用；后者则主要用于识别和捕捉海上目标，最远有效距离可达128千米。另外还可让B-2A轰炸机使用地形匹配和地形规避技术，使其能贴地低空突入敌方空域去遂行轰炸任务。 [19]武装筹载B-2轰炸机最多能够携带18吨的武器弹药，包括常规武器、核武器，精确制导弹药、重力炸弹以及对海作战武器。共有两个弹舱，每个弹舱可以挂载旋转式挂架或者两个炸弹挂架。可以携带的弹药有B-61、B-83核弹，Mk 82、Mk 62、CBU 87/89/97常规武器，以及卫星制导的JDAM联合直接攻击弹药。B-2还配有AGM-154联合防区外武器系统(JSOW)、AGM-158联合空对地防区外导弹(JASSM)，也可以发射具有隐身功能、突防能力成倍提升的AGM-129巡航导弹。 [14]B-2的挂弹能力B-2轰炸机的两个旋转弹架能携带16枚AGM-129型巡航导弹，也可携带80枚MK82型或16枚MK84型普通炸弹或36枚CBU-87型集束炸弹，使用新型的TSSM远程攻击弹药时携弹量为16枚。当使用核武器时可携带16枚B63型核炸弹。B2弹仓中的BDU-56炸弹此外AGM-129型巡航导弹也可装载核弹头。2002年2月B-2增加了使用联合防区外空对地导弹JASSM的能力。外翼段内部的大多数空间被油箱占据，发动机舱之间的机身下方并列布置了两个大型弹舱，每个弹舱可挂载波音研制的先进旋转式挂架，可挂载8枚908千克级弹药，也可安装两个炸弹挂架组件以挂载常规弹药。经过航电与装备性能提升后的B-2A可以携带AGM-154联合距外武器和GBU-28型5,000磅激光制导炸弹；此外，也可以携带AGM-158联合空对地距外导弹。 [20]40,000磅（18,000千克）：以堆栈式炸弹挂架携带Mk 82 500磅低阻力通用炸弹（总携带数为80枚）27,000磅（12,000千克）：以堆栈式炸弹挂架携带750磅等级集束炸弹（总携带数为36枚）16具旋转挂架（Rotary Launcher Assembly，RLA）：可携带2,000磅等级武器（如Mk 84 2,000磅低阻力通用炸弹、GBU-31联合直接攻击弹药或B-61及B-83核弹）。 [21]B-2轰炸机可以使用GBU-57巨型钻地弹。 这种重13.6吨、装药量达2.4吨的巨型钻地弹，只能由B-2轰炸机携带，每架可携带2枚，能够摧毁地下60米深的目标，但库存数量较为有限。 [6]B-2轰炸机可能使用了GBU-31“杰达姆”制导炸弹。 每架B-2可携带16枚这种2000磅（约0.9吨）的钻地炸弹，其钻地能力较弱，但可通过向一个地点连续投放的方式获得较好的钻地效果。 [6]性能数据性能数据分类参数数据参考数据长度21.0米翼展52.4米高度5.18米翼面积478平方米空重71700千克正常起飞重量152200千克最大起飞重量170600千克发动机4×通用电气公司F118-GE-100涡轮风扇发动机推力4×17,300磅最大燃油量75750公斤参考性能最大速度0.95马赫有效载荷23,000千克实用升限15,200米最大航程6,000海里（11,100公里）翼负荷329公斤/平方米推重比0.205 [22]
军事打击
播报编辑科索沃战争B-2轰炸机第一次投入实战是在塞尔维亚的科索沃战争，这是投入服役十年后的第一次出战。 [7]1999年3月24日，两架B-2隐身轰炸机从怀特曼空军基地起飞，经过30小时连续飞行、两次空中加油后，向南联盟投放了32枚联合直接攻击弹药。这是B-2隐身轰炸机首次参加实战。整个科索沃战争中，B-2隐身轰炸机的飞行出动不到战争中飞机总出动量的1%，投弹量却达到总投弹量的11%，摧毁了近33%的目标。 [8]当地时间1999年5月7日夜间，北京时间1999年5月8日，首次投入实战的B-2轰炸机使用三枚精确制导炸弹直接击中了中华人民共和国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆，当场炸死来自新华社的邵云环、《光明日报》的许杏虎和朱颖三名中国记者，炸伤数十人，造成大使馆建筑的严重损毁。其中一枚JDAM未当场爆炸，直到五年后才由塞尔维亚方面取出销毁。之后中国方面认为这是一次蓄意的轰炸，可能是对中国此前反对北约轰炸南联盟的报复，因此向美国提出强烈的抗议，北约解释这是误炸。 [12] [23]被炸的中国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆这次轰炸及之后的发展使原本由于中美两国元首互访而正处于上升阶段的两国关系骤然恶化。事件之后中国民众群情激愤，很多大学生到美国和其他北约国家驻北京、上海、沈阳等地的使馆前示威游行，游行活动在后期出现了失控的苗头，包括焚烧美国快餐店、破坏美国使领馆等。事件中，美国驻香港领事馆也遭遇香港民众示威抗议。中美两国关系到1999年底开始逐渐恢复，北约对死伤的受难者进行了经济赔偿。时任美国总统的比尔·克林顿亲自为此事件道歉，并对中国被损坏的馆舍赔偿。中国政府也对被抗议示威人群损毁的美国馆舍进行了赔偿。 [24-25]阿富汗战争2003年3月，B-2投入伊拉克战场，一架B-2在28日晚上首次实战投放了两颗2130千克的新型EGBU-28制导炸弹，炸毁了巴格达市内位于底格里斯河畔的一个通讯塔。这是美军在伊拉克战争中使用的最大的炸弹。EGBU-28有全球定位/惯性导航和半主动激光全程的双模制导模式，比以往的JDAM炸弹更为先进。EGBU-28既能有效摧毁大型坚固目标，也能尽量减少附带杀伤。在伊拉克战争期间，B-2不加油航程为11119千米,已有两架转场到印度洋上的迪亚戈·加西亚美国空军基地，从该基地起飞轰炸伊拉克不需要进行空中加油。 [26]在阿富汗战争的头3天里，共6架B-2隐身轰炸机从美国本土起飞，创造了连续作战飞行44小时新纪录。在伊拉克战争中，B-2隐身轰炸机共出动49架次，对伊拉克的指挥、控制、通信等设施进行了精确打击。 [8]利比亚冲突2011年，美国及其北约盟国介入利比亚国内冲突后，挂着精确制导武器的B-2隐身轰炸机也曾逞强施威。3月20日，3架B-2隐身轰炸机从本土起飞，持续飞行超过25小时，向利比亚投下了40枚炸弹，承担起在冲突之初深入敌领空“轰开大门”的重任。 [8]红海及中东2024年10月16日晚间，美国对也门胡塞武装发动新一轮打击，目标是后者包括地下设施在内的武器储存设施。此次打击行动由美军B-2“幽灵”战略轰炸机实施。美国防长奥斯汀和美国中央司令部也发声证实。 [39]当地时间2024年10月17日凌晨，也门胡塞武装控制下的首都萨那和其大本营所在地也门北部的萨达省遭到美军空袭，美军在当天的空袭中首次使用了B-2隐形轰炸机，旨在摧毁胡塞武装存储导弹及其他武器的坚硬地下军火库，弱化胡塞武装军事实力，以及对周边海域过往船只的袭击能力。 [40]五角大楼表示，这是B-2轰炸机自2017年1月以来首次执行作战任务。分析人士指出，美军动用战略武器升级战事的行为，引发了国际社会对于红海及中东地区可能陷入“报复循环”的担忧。 [6]2025年4月1日，美国国防部在一份声明中说，美军将向中东调遣更多战机中队及其他空中力量增强空中支援能力。与此同时，卫星公司Planet Labs拍摄的图像显示，迭戈加西亚岛上停机坪上有6架B-2轰炸机。 [43]2025年4月4日报道，美军证实，部署在迭戈加西亚岛军事基地的美军B-2轰炸机参加了近期对也门胡塞武装的空袭行动。 [45]当地时间4月5日晚到4月6日凌晨，也门胡塞武装方面称，美军对也门萨达省萨达市西部、卡马兰岛等地进行多次空袭，造成多人死伤。胡塞武装则对美军舰船发动打击。 [47]
服役动态
播报编辑坠毁的B-22008年2月23日，一架编号89-0127（命名为堪萨斯幽灵号）在美军关岛安德森空军基地起飞时坠毁，机上两名飞行员平安获救。调查显示B-2轰炸机在起飞前，24个传感器之中的三个传感器被水汽损伤，测得错误的大气资讯，导致飞控电脑错误计算起飞所需的飞行速度和上升角度。尽管机上两名飞行员试图修改错误资讯，但并不成功，飞机随即冲向地面爆炸起火。2010年2月，B-2轰炸机（编号：88-0332）华盛顿幽灵号在关岛安德森空军基地地面启动时四台发动机中的一台发生火灾，同时损坏了发动机舱和其他部件。这架B-2于2014年1月9日修复完成重新入役。 [27]B-2于韩国乌山基地上空2013年3月28日，美国空军派出两架B-2隐形轰炸机前往韩国参加韩美联合军演“秃鹫”。这是美国首次派遣可携带核武器的B-2隐形轰炸机赴朝鲜半岛进行实弹演习。这两架飞机从密苏里州的怀特曼空军基地起飞，在“单次连续任务”中往返飞行1.3万英里，在韩国的目标范围内投下仿真弹药。这次演习激怒了朝鲜，并促使平壤发出了在核武器的辅助下发动一场“全面战争”的威胁。考虑到朝鲜已被B-52轰炸机参演所激怒，使用隐形轰炸机将进一步加剧与平壤的紧张关系。 [28]当地时间2018年10月23日早上，美国空军一架B-2隐形轰炸机在飞行途中遇紧急情况，在科罗拉多泉机场迫降。 [29]当地时间2024年5月10日，美国“战区”（the WarZone）网站报道，美国空军出于成本和复杂性因素考虑，决定放弃修复一架在此前事故中受损的B-2轰炸机，这将使得美国空军理论上处于现役的B-2数量从20架降至19架。 [38]当地时间2025年3月25日夜间，美国派遣多架B-2A隐身战略轰炸机前往印度洋的迪戈加西亚空军基地。 [41]2025年3月，美国《华尔街日报》援引美国战略司令部发言人的话报道称，多架B-2隐形轰炸机本周已从美国密苏里州基地飞抵位于印度洋中部迪戈加西亚岛的美军基地。与B-2轰炸机同时抵达的还有多架战略运输机、加油机。 [42]2025年4月2日，美国有线电视新闻网报道，最新拍摄的卫星图显示，美国国防部已向印度洋岛屿迭戈加西亚部署至少6架B-2轰炸机，占美国空军B-2轰炸机机队的30%。 [44]4月4日，据美国媒体报道，美军证实，部署在印度洋迪戈加西亚岛军事基地的B-2“幽灵”隐形轰炸机参加了近期对也门胡塞武装的空袭行动。 [46]当地时间4月11日晚，美军对荷台达发动两次空袭。同日，胡塞武装消息显示，美军空袭了也门首都萨那市所在的萨那省及荷台达省。胡塞武装表示，美军B-2轰炸机进入也门领空，并在多个省份上空飞行。 [48]5月13日，据路透社和《以色列时报》报道，美国官员表示，在美国与胡塞武装达成协议，并且与伊朗进行多次谈判后，美军部署在印度洋迭戈加西亚空军基地的B-2轰炸机已经撤回美国本土，美军对胡塞武装的空袭行动也已经结束。 [49]2025年6月21日，《以色列时报》援引飞行追踪数据称，两架B-2轰炸机从美国密苏里州怀特曼空军基地起飞，飞往西太平洋关岛美军基地。 [50]6月21日，据新华社援引美国福克斯新闻网站报道，飞行追踪数据及与空中交通管制人员的语音通信内容显示，美国密苏里州怀特曼空军基地的6架B-2隐形轰炸机似正飞往关岛的美国空军基地。报道表示，这6架B-2轰炸机从密苏里起飞后进行了空中加油，表明其机载有效载荷过重。福克斯新闻网站分析，载荷可能是专家口中可摧毁伊朗福尔道地下铀浓缩设施的巨型钻地弹。 [51]当地时间6月22日，美国国防部长赫格塞思就美国对伊朗发起袭击一事举行新闻发布会。美军参谋长联席会议主席凯恩在发布会上表示，超过125架美国飞机参与打击伊朗核设施行动，包括B-2隐形轰炸机。 [52-53]当地时间6月22日，美国官员表示，参与袭击伊朗三处核设施的十多架B-2轰炸机中的最后一架已安全返回密苏里州怀特曼空军基地，这些飞机的往返飞行耗时长达37小时。 [54]6月25日报道，外媒披露B-2飞行员长航备战细节，在踏进美国空军B-2“幽灵”隐形轰炸机的驾驶舱执行可能超过40小时的任务之前，飞行员要进行数周准备，不仅包括制订飞行计划，还包括准备怎么吃饭。 [55]
维修难度
播报编辑1978年，当制造厂商赢得研制B-2隐身轰炸机的合同时，生产132架飞机的报价是366亿美元。到了1984年，厂家总报价抬至425亿美元，这迫使美国空军不得不减少订购数量。1993年，当美国国会确定只采购20架B-2A时，空军预付的研制费和厂家的开工制造费已高达444亿美元。如此一来，即使扣除研制费用，每架飞机的造价也合8.4亿美元之巨。 [8]2013年，生产一架B-2隐身轰炸机的费用竟高达24亿美元。 [8]故障原因2008年，“堪萨斯精神”号B-2轰炸机飞控系统发出错误指令，导致战机失控坠毁。 [3] 2021年，一架B-2轰炸机在紧急迫降时坠机。 [3]随后，美国空军调查发现，由于维修体系存在漏洞，地面技术人员没有发现战机液压系统和起落架存在问题，导致战机着陆时起落架塌陷。 [3]经过美军详细检测，结论令人惊讶： B-2轰炸机是被冻“感冒”了。 由于飞行时间推迟，这架战机在室外淋了一夜的雨，机头传感器不慎进水，传给飞控系统错误信息，影响到爬升曲线计算，导致战机失速坠毁。 [3]无独有偶。 2年后，“华盛顿幽灵”号B-2轰炸机遭遇了严重的火灾事故。 根据公开报道显示，该机结构材料存在缺陷，吸收并储存了部分油料，这些油料在发动机点火过程中被点燃。 着火后，战机大量电力、通信线缆和液压管路被完全烧毁，钛合金和铝制框架等主承力结构也熔化扭曲，最终导致这架B-2轰炸机近乎报废。 [3]往前追溯，除了起落架故障，B-2轰炸机还因传感器积水以及材料缺陷等问题遭到停飞。 [3]维修成本该机使用的隐身涂层每隔30天需清洁一次，费用超过10万美元；每隔7年需重涂一次，保守估算花费在6000万美元左右。有人戏称，再添一个6000万，够买一架F-35A战机了。二是管理和维护保障复杂，耗时费力。B-2战略轰炸机维护保养要求高，一次全面检修，耗时不少于1年；每飞行1小时，平均需要132个小时保养。繁琐漫长的保养维修期，使B-2战略轰炸机实际出勤率非常低。 [1]按照工序，成百上千名工人需要先去除老化的涂层，拆下蒙皮和机载设备，让整架飞机只剩一个框架，等新涂层喷好后，再重新组装起来。任何一丁点瑕疵都可能削弱B-2隐身轰炸机引以为自豪的隐身能力,让它暴露行迹乃至面临灭顶之灾。 [8]B-2轰炸机每次发生事故，美军都不得不耗费几千万美元修复，代价很大。 仅在“华盛顿幽灵”号第一阶段修复工作中，美军就花费6790万美元，修复过程更是持续近4年。 [3]它表面的吸波材料十分娇气。飞行中，高速气流会对机体表层造成磨损。每次飞行后，技术人员都要用一种类似喷漆的方法对表层的雷达吸波材料进行整修，而新喷的吸波材料只有在一定的温度、湿度下才能干燥固化。 [8]除高昂的事故修复费用外，B-2轰炸机日常维护保养也让美军头疼不已：战机每飞行1小时，就需要在地面上进行47小时维护，美国空军每年都要为此花费近10亿美元。 [3]因此，美国空军计划在未来15年内，让B-2战略轰炸机全部退役，代之以经济适用性更好的B-21战略轰炸机。 [1]难修原因维修一款隐身战机，本身就极其复杂，更不用说难度系数更高的隐身轰炸机。 [3]一是结构复杂难保养。 众所周知，五代机能成为高精尖装备，关键在于隐身技术。 为实现完美隐身，航空设计师一般会对机身进行多层涂装，进气道等受气流冲击严重的部位，涂层数量甚至会达到10层。 在B-2轰炸机维护过程中，有不少工作与涂层有关。 按照工序，工人需要去除老化涂层，拆下蒙皮和机载设备，等新涂层喷涂好后，再重新组装起来。 这一过程中，任何一点瑕疵都可能影响战机的隐身能力。 [3]二是材料脆弱难维护。 B-2轰炸机表面的吸波材料十分“娇气”，对环境因素特别敏感，不管战机是否执行任务，都要定期保养。 飞行中，高速气流会对机体表层造成磨损。 每次执行飞行任务后，技术人员要用一种类似喷漆的方法对表层的雷达吸波材料进行修复，而新喷涂的吸波材料只有在一定温度和湿度条件下才能干燥固化，B-2轰炸机的机库需要保持恒温恒湿环境。 为此，美军为B-2轰炸机量身打造了大型可前沿部署机库，用来抵御极端天气。 [3]三是零件短缺难采购。 B-2轰炸机部件精密，机身结构采用大量复合材料。 然而，美军库存的一些B-2轰炸机零件早已消耗殆尽，机队经常遇到零件短缺情况。 雪上加霜的是，相关零件供应商大多已经停产，在原有生产线已关闭的情况下，关键零件必须根据原始图纸重新制造，不仅价格高，还十分耗时。 [3]相比五代机，隐身轰炸机体型更大，维修起来难度系数更高。 有数据显示，B-2轰炸机机翼面积是F-35战机的11倍，比一个篮球场还要大。 要在这么大的空间面积维护保养，难度可想而知。 [3]
后续改进
播报编辑2003年6月，美国空军计划按照B-2超地平通信计划，在B-2轰炸机上增装Link-16数据链。应用Link-16数据链数据，将令B-2驾驶员实时获知飞机所处位置。 [30-31]2003年9月10日，美国空军的一架在尤他州试验靶场，一次投放了80颗227千克的JDAM炸弹，轰炸了长度不到1609米的模拟小型机场。每颗JDAM炸弹都经过了单独编程，以理想的角度和航向，各自攻击了的预定目标。 [30]2004年8月，诺思罗普·格鲁门公司官员表示将向怀特曼空军基地交付首架具有新隐身涂层的B-2轰炸机，这标志着B-2的隐身和雷达改进工作达到关键里程碑。 [30]2004年12月，在俄克拉荷马州廷克空军基地，E-3机载预警和控制系统飞机（AWACS）机队与该基地的全球力量轰炸机联合试飞工作队联合对B-2A隐身轰炸机实施Link-16数据链综合验证试验。 [30]2006年4月，来自于美国俄亥俄州赖特帕特森空军基地材料与制造委员会的工程师们，与B-2系统小组和材料专家一起，解决了一个关键的材料成批生产问题。此问题直接影响美空军B-2轰炸机机队的作战可维护性，进而影响到作战可用性。 [30]2006年9月，美国诺思罗普·格鲁门公司和雷声公司表示，它们已向美国国防部建议一种逐年推进的增量式渐进升级途径，在未来许多年内对B-2进行改进。2006年10月，美国诺思罗普·格鲁门公司希望其B-2A轰炸机可作为试验平台，对美空军的"下一代远程攻击系统"(NGLRS)所需要的技术、武器和作战概念进行验证和评价。2007年1月2日，美空军轰炸机主管称，空军对B-2隐身轰炸机进行一系列升级。有些升级工作已经完成，还有一些仍在规划中，有的将提前10年以上进行规划。2007年3月，美国空军已经通过了B-2隐身轰炸机的主承包商——诺思罗普·格鲁门公司提议的改进这种轰炸机的卫星通信系统的计划，同意该公司开始研制和验证极高频（EHF）卫星通信系统，以便使B-2隐身轰炸机发送和接收战场信息的能力提高约100倍。2007年6月，诺思罗普·格鲁门公司已与波音公司签署一份历时62个月、价值1.71亿美元的系统开发和验证(SDD)合同。该合同是美国空军B-2隐身轰炸机新型极高频(EHF)卫星通信系统的第一个增量升级项目。2007年7月，诺思罗普·格鲁曼公司宣布，该公司已经着手研究为美国空军的B-2隐身轰炸机装备新型的30000磅（13620千克）级钻地弹（penetrator weapon）。 [32]2007年11月，诺思罗普·格鲁曼公司已经完成为B-2隐身轰炸机雷达改进计划（RMP）开发的新型雷达天线试验装置（DTU）的安装、综合和首飞。 [33]2008年1月，驻密苏里州Whiteman空军基地的美国空军509轰炸机联队宣布，该基地的武器专家将重达30000磅（13620千克）的巨型钻地弹（Massive Ordnance Penetrator，MOP）搭载在B-2"幽灵（Spirit）"隐身轰炸机的弹舱内。 [34]2008年7月，诺思罗普·格鲁门公司的用于升级B-2A隐身轰炸机飞行管理系统（FMS）的现代化计算机体系结构开发完成了第一阶段。 [35]2010年1月，美国空军利用B-2A隐身轰炸机完成了一次使用人造混合燃料飞行验证。美国空军可选燃料验证办公室主管Jeff Braun透露，此次验证过程中，一架B-2从Whiteman空军基地起飞完成了一次训练。 [36]2010年4月诺思罗普·格鲁曼公司已经完成B-2轰炸机雷达现代化项目（RMP）的系统开发和演示阶段(SDD)。2012年3月，五角大楼宣布一项价值200亿美元、历时10年的现代化改良B-2部队的计划。改进的主要领域是全面更换过时的航空电子设备和装备程序，以应对未来越发复杂的“潜在敌人”防空网。 [37]B-2战略轰炸机服役30多年来，美国空军不断根据作战需要对其进行升级改造。例如，升级飞行管理系统，改进卫星通信设备，装备性能更好的雷达，全面更换航空电子设备和程序，采用新型隐身涂料，升级防御管控系统，装备威力更大、精度更高的新型钻地弹等。 [1]改进后的B-2战略轰炸机能够在更复杂的战场环境下执行作战任务，更有效地穿透敌方现代综合防空系统，为后续攻击行动开辟通道，并在任务完成后安全地返回基地。在美军看来，B-2战略轰炸机“通过一次行动就能改变整场战争的结局”，是应对地区威胁的不二法宝。因此，美军时不时将其派往敏感地区，以讹诈或威慑对手，为盟友站台。 [1]2018年8月15日至9月27日，3架B-2战略轰炸机以及200多名空军人员，被部署到夏威夷州珍珠港希卡姆联合基地。其间，B-2战略轰炸机进行“热加油”技术、模拟打击以及与F-22战机联合作战等课目演练。值得一提的是，所谓“热加油”技术是指B-2战略轰炸机在降落后不关闭引擎，直接由地勤保障人员为其加满油，再行起飞的一种实用加油技术，能够最大限度缩短地面维护时间，减小潜在对手导弹打击窗口期，显著提高生存能力。 [1]
总体评价
播报编辑最昂贵的军用飞机（单位）：世界上最昂贵的军用飞机是美国制造的B-2勇气号，每架造价超过13亿美元（7.8亿英镑）。（吉尼斯世界记录）
争议事件
播报编辑2025年6月，美国派B-2隐形轰炸机对伊朗三处核设施进行了轰炸，飞行员37小时不间断飞行令人震惊。B-2轰炸机执行任务最长记录是44小时——9·11之后美国轰炸阿富汗，执行过该任务的梅尔文·迪尔在2001年驾驶B-2对阿富汗进行了轰炸。美退役上校梅尔文·迪尔揭秘B2连飞44小时内幕，他说轮流睡觉、有猫砂的尿布包和兴奋剂是必须的，具体什么时候飞不知道，“如果总统打了电话，我们就会飞。”起飞、加油、轰炸和降落等关键时刻，两名飞行员必须同时在座位上。其他时间会轮流在驾驶舱座椅后面的小床上睡觉 [56]。据美国广播公司（ABC）报道，当地时间2025年6月25日，美国总统特朗普和美国国防部长赫格塞思都试图反驳美国情报部门的初步评估，即对伊朗三处核设施的袭击造成的损失有限，二人声称相关新闻报道贬低了投下炸弹的B-2“幽灵”隐形轰炸机飞行员 [57]。2025年6月25日，据美国“战区”网站报道，公开行动代码、充当诱饵佯动的B-2编队在航空跟踪平台上吸引了许多航空追踪爱好者和开源情报账号的关注，就在该编队飞过太平洋上空时，其中一架B-2轰炸机发生故障，在位于夏威夷的希卡姆联合基地紧急降落。美媒称，对于以结构复杂、维护成本高且严重老化的B-2轰炸机来说，这种紧急改道的情况并非首次。根据飞机受损的严重程度和方式，对这架B-2轰炸机进行维修的工作可能会非常复杂。 [58]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2025 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备11000002000001号window.PAGE_DATA= 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